NON-DUALITY
1) Identical or Indistinguishable Particles hints at One Substance - Unifies Matter/Energy
It is really fascinating to me that all the matter in the physical universe comes from only 4 particles (stable).
Up and Down Quarks, electron and electron neutrino. That is it.
Other quarks and neutrinos are extremely unstable and hardly last a split second.
Then there are bosons like the photon, gluons, electroweak bosons, and gravitons that mediate the force interactions of gravity and electromagnetism. And the Higgs boson that gives mass to particles. Of these bosons ONLY the photon and graviton which are stable and act over large distances. In fact we can detect photons TODAY (cosmic microwave radiation) that have journeyed over 13 billion years since the early universe.
Protons and neutrons are made of up and down quarks and all the elements on the periodic table are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. So a new periodic table could be boiled down to 4 stable matter particles: Electrons, Up quarks, Down quarks, and electron neutrinos. ALL MATTER!!
Further fascinating to me is the radical simplicity of these fundamental particles... All electrons are EXACTLY identical... No two are different. All up quarks IDENTICAL. Same for down quarks and neutrinos. ALL THE same... The are all the same, because they are ALL THE SAME. One Substance becoming the many. At the fundamental level this is very clear.
Griffiths - Identical particles.
Elementary particle physics - What is matter made of?
Not like the world of everyday objects where matter seems to fill space, more like a night sky with pinpoints of light and vast emptiness in between.
Even more surprising is these "chunks" come in a small number (standard model).
Main being electron, up and down quark, and electron neutrino. Bosons mainly photon and graviton (others short lived or short range).
Again totally different from macroscopic world which has such solidity and so much variety.
Most astonishing of all is these chunks of any type of matter are not just pretty similar, like identical twins or snowflakes but UTTERLY identical! There are not fat and skinny electrons or young or old ones or happy or sad. If you have seen one you HAVE seen them all. There is nothing even remotely like this absolute identicalness in everyday life.
In the everyday world, if things look similar you can paint one red and the other blue label or stamp identification numbers on them, or hire private detectives to follow them around.
But in QM the situation is fundamentally different: You cannot paint an electron red or pin a label on it, and a detectives observations will inevitably and unpredictably alter its state, raising doubts as to whether the two had perhaps switched places.
The fact is ALL electrons are utterly identical in a way that no two classical objects can ever be. It is not just that we don't happen to know which electron is which, because there is no such thing as this electron or that electron; all we can legitimately say is there IS an electron.
This utter indistinguishability underlies the pauli exclusion principle without which most of chemistry would be impossible.
This is how physics has provided the solution to a problem that Scholastic philosophers have discussed for centuries. Imagine that you have in front of you two exactly similar objects. They are completely identical, all their properties are the same, except that they are in different places. Because they are in different places, they are different objects. The problem was this: Is the fact that the two objects are in different places the sole reason why they are different objects? Or is there another reason?
If you believe that there is another reason, you will look for it in vain, for if two objects are different, it is their properties that are different, and right now we are assuming that the two objects have exactly the same properties, except that they are in different places.
On the other hand, if you believe that the two objects in front of you are different objects for the sole reason that they are in different places, then what you really believe is that the two objects in front of you are one and the same object in two different places, which seems preposterous.
At last, quantum physics has settled the issue. Reality is preposterous. The two objects are different for the sole reason that they are in different places, and therefore they are one and the same object in different places.
It is really fascinating to me that all the matter in the physical universe comes from only 4 particles (stable).
Up and Down Quarks, electron and electron neutrino. That is it.
Other quarks and neutrinos are extremely unstable and hardly last a split second.
Then there are bosons like the photon, gluons, electroweak bosons, and gravitons that mediate the force interactions of gravity and electromagnetism. And the Higgs boson that gives mass to particles. Of these bosons ONLY the photon and graviton which are stable and act over large distances. In fact we can detect photons TODAY (cosmic microwave radiation) that have journeyed over 13 billion years since the early universe.
Protons and neutrons are made of up and down quarks and all the elements on the periodic table are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. So a new periodic table could be boiled down to 4 stable matter particles: Electrons, Up quarks, Down quarks, and electron neutrinos. ALL MATTER!!
Further fascinating to me is the radical simplicity of these fundamental particles... All electrons are EXACTLY identical... No two are different. All up quarks IDENTICAL. Same for down quarks and neutrinos. ALL THE same... The are all the same, because they are ALL THE SAME. One Substance becoming the many. At the fundamental level this is very clear.
Griffiths - Identical particles.
Elementary particle physics - What is matter made of?
Not like the world of everyday objects where matter seems to fill space, more like a night sky with pinpoints of light and vast emptiness in between.
Even more surprising is these "chunks" come in a small number (standard model).
Main being electron, up and down quark, and electron neutrino. Bosons mainly photon and graviton (others short lived or short range).
Again totally different from macroscopic world which has such solidity and so much variety.
Most astonishing of all is these chunks of any type of matter are not just pretty similar, like identical twins or snowflakes but UTTERLY identical! There are not fat and skinny electrons or young or old ones or happy or sad. If you have seen one you HAVE seen them all. There is nothing even remotely like this absolute identicalness in everyday life.
In the everyday world, if things look similar you can paint one red and the other blue label or stamp identification numbers on them, or hire private detectives to follow them around.
But in QM the situation is fundamentally different: You cannot paint an electron red or pin a label on it, and a detectives observations will inevitably and unpredictably alter its state, raising doubts as to whether the two had perhaps switched places.
The fact is ALL electrons are utterly identical in a way that no two classical objects can ever be. It is not just that we don't happen to know which electron is which, because there is no such thing as this electron or that electron; all we can legitimately say is there IS an electron.
This utter indistinguishability underlies the pauli exclusion principle without which most of chemistry would be impossible.
This is how physics has provided the solution to a problem that Scholastic philosophers have discussed for centuries. Imagine that you have in front of you two exactly similar objects. They are completely identical, all their properties are the same, except that they are in different places. Because they are in different places, they are different objects. The problem was this: Is the fact that the two objects are in different places the sole reason why they are different objects? Or is there another reason?
If you believe that there is another reason, you will look for it in vain, for if two objects are different, it is their properties that are different, and right now we are assuming that the two objects have exactly the same properties, except that they are in different places.
On the other hand, if you believe that the two objects in front of you are different objects for the sole reason that they are in different places, then what you really believe is that the two objects in front of you are one and the same object in two different places, which seems preposterous.
At last, quantum physics has settled the issue. Reality is preposterous. The two objects are different for the sole reason that they are in different places, and therefore they are one and the same object in different places.
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics & NonDuality
Beginning from the End. (Radical Oneness/One Substance/Sunya/Consciousness, Timelessness, Always Already Is-ness, All things spontaneously Enlightened, Nothing Happens - Resolves all pairs of opposites, Complex mathematics Nondual, Geometry Nondual).
Introduction
Success of Theory - Theory behind all theories
Applications Abound - Computers, Cell phones, lasers, etc.
Taste of Quantum Weirdness
Best Theory Science Has for Ultimate Reality
Main Ingredients of QM are 2-fold
1) Evolution of Quantum System encoded by Schrodinger Equation/Wavefunctions
2) Measurement of the Quantum System by a Conscious Observer 'collapsing' it into one of its possible states.
Schrodinger Equation
Wave Particle Duality - Double Slit Experiment
I. Superposition States - Potential - No Objects= No Subjects = Nonduality
WaveFunction, Encodes, position, momentum, energy, etc.
1) Quantization - h - planck
2) Superposition ΣAi*Ѱ(x) - Eigenstates of Wavefunction
3) Uncertainty Principle
4) Orbitals of Atoms S, P, L, M Full expression of Wavefunctions
5) Identical Particles of Pauli Exclusion
Choice/Decision comes in Wholes
II. Collapse - Measurement - REALITY - Object Manifests = Subject Observing = Duality
0) Observer Effect - Consciousness creates reality
5) Probability P(i) = |Ai|^2 (not deterministic). Modifications of classical probability law.
III. Entanglement and Quantum Systems
7) Entanglement (connected to Entropy and information).
9) Quantum Coherence, Pure States, Mixed States and Entropy.
Beginning from the End. (Radical Oneness/One Substance/Sunya/Consciousness, Timelessness, Always Already Is-ness, All things spontaneously Enlightened, Nothing Happens - Resolves all pairs of opposites, Complex mathematics Nondual, Geometry Nondual).
Introduction
Success of Theory - Theory behind all theories
Applications Abound - Computers, Cell phones, lasers, etc.
Taste of Quantum Weirdness
Best Theory Science Has for Ultimate Reality
Main Ingredients of QM are 2-fold
1) Evolution of Quantum System encoded by Schrodinger Equation/Wavefunctions
2) Measurement of the Quantum System by a Conscious Observer 'collapsing' it into one of its possible states.
Schrodinger Equation
Wave Particle Duality - Double Slit Experiment
I. Superposition States - Potential - No Objects= No Subjects = Nonduality
WaveFunction, Encodes, position, momentum, energy, etc.
1) Quantization - h - planck
2) Superposition ΣAi*Ѱ(x) - Eigenstates of Wavefunction
3) Uncertainty Principle
4) Orbitals of Atoms S, P, L, M Full expression of Wavefunctions
5) Identical Particles of Pauli Exclusion
Choice/Decision comes in Wholes
II. Collapse - Measurement - REALITY - Object Manifests = Subject Observing = Duality
0) Observer Effect - Consciousness creates reality
5) Probability P(i) = |Ai|^2 (not deterministic). Modifications of classical probability law.
III. Entanglement and Quantum Systems
7) Entanglement (connected to Entropy and information).
9) Quantum Coherence, Pure States, Mixed States and Entropy.